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    • Review of Redating the New Testament by J.A.T. Robinson

      Is the New Testament truly an “eye-witness” account of events that occurred at the time of Christ and during the life of Paul, or is it a later composition—an account recorded by a second generation of Christians and influenced by …

      Intertextuality Criteria

      Bible scholars and readers constantly make intertextual connections. In discussion, such connections are subject to disagreement. The question arises therefore as to how a connection can be assessed as valid. Richard Hays has proposed seven criteria for assessing the validity …

      Footnotes and Parentheses in Ancient Hebrew Writings

      Hebrew writings were not laid out with the apparatus of footnotes and parentheses. Marginal corrections and marks above and below the line were used to comment upon the accuracy of the text. This does not mean that the phenomenon of …

      The Scapegoat & the Scapegoat Typology in Leviticus 16

      Etymology

      The etymology of the name ‘Ăzâ’zêl, cited four times in Leviticus 16 has long been a source of puzzlement. The lots were cast for two goats, one was “for Yahweh”, and the other “for ‘Ăzâ’zêl” (the scapegoat) – in …

      Is Isaiah 46:6 Predicting the Babylonian Captivity?

      Isa 47:6 is usually taken to refer to the sixth century Babylonian captivity. Critical scholars take it as an utterance of Second Isaiah living in Babylon; conservative scholars take it as a long range prediction of such captivity. How can …

      Contextualizing Prophetic Oracles (Part 2) – Isaiah 24-27

      Isaiah 24-27 is usually regarded by scholars as “apocalyptic”, and as later than the time of Isaiah of Jerusalem. However, we view their content as entirely applicable to the Assyrian crisis.[1] The “Zion triumphant” perspective of these chapters …

      Marginal Notes on Matthew 3:15 and Habbakuk 1:6

      Matt 3:15 (AP)

      The problem with this text is: Why should Jesus be baptised? Commentators observe that John baptised with a baptism of repentance for the remission of sins but Jesus was sinless. Christadelphian solutions answer the problem by saying …

      A Review of Christology in the Making by James DG Dunn

      Professor James D.G. Dunn is a New Testament theologian who employs the exegetical methods of “historical context of meaning” and “conceptuality in transition,” to illuminate the first-century meaning of key New Testament texts that bear directly on the development of …

      Personification as it Applies to Doctrine

      Personification is a well recognised figure of speech. Wisdom is personified in Proverbs 8, and there are many examples of personification phrases. In this article, we will lay out a theoretical framework for handling the topic of personification. With this …

      Quotes, Allusions and Echoes

      The question arises as to what a NT author or the first audience knew of scripture; what did an author require of his real audience and what did he imply in his use of scripture? This topic is vexed by …

      Romans 11 and the Redemption of Israel

      It is often asserted that the divine purpose with Israel as a nation and with the Jewish people as a distinct ethnicity is a thing of the past – the nation has been replaced by the church.

      In dealing with …

      First Century Jewish Views of the Holy Spirit

      Introduction

      The concept of “the” holy Spirit” (Ruah ha-Kodesh) is not uncommon in the Talmud, Targums, Midrash, the DSS[1] and other first century Jewish writings;[2] the OT only has two examples of the concept (Pss 51:11, …

      Psalm 2: Triumph, Enthronement and Covenant Renewal

      According to Gunkel’s classification into genres,[1] Psalm 2 belongs to the “Royal Psalms”.[2] Most are thought to be postexilic and symbolic; they are not regarded as historical poems based on a king’s enthronement, but rather cultic …

      The Manifestation of the Spirit in Luke 1-2

      The manifestation of the Spirit features strongly at the beginning of Luke’s story. Luke narrates a prophetic witness in terms that evoke Joel 2:28-32, which predicts dreams, visions and prophecies for old men and young men, sons and daughters, handmaids …

      The Mission of the Seventy

      In the Old Testament the nation of Israel functioned as a microcosm of the heavenly sanctuary, with Yahweh enthroned in the midst of the nation. The Tabernacle was modelled on the Garden of Eden, which itself was symbolic of the …

      Reconfiguring Job (Part 1) – Method of Study

      The literature on Job is vast.  The approach taken in this series is found in one other commentary,[1] and it is not the kind of reading offered by standard commentaries. Our view is that Job has something to …

      Intertextual Study of the Hebrew Bible

      Intertextual Bible study today is carried out with computer tools. The advent of these tools is changing the face of academic study of the Bible. Intertextual analysis has always taken place, i.e. the comparing of text with text, but this …

      Understanding Demons (Part 1) – Demons, Medicine and Jesus

      Jesus exorcised demons and used the language of exorcism. Many commentators would say that therefore Jesus believed in demons. However, it can not be simply assumed that Jesus believed in demons because he used the language of exorcism. He may …