Southern California Earthquake
(The following has been extracted from letters from Bro. Ken & Sis. Bonnie Sommerville who live at the epicenter of the recent earthquake.)
Dear Family, Friends and Loved ones,
I decided that I should sit down and collect my thoughts between the rolling of the earth. It has been a long two days and all of us are tired. We feel blessed. We woke at 4:30 a.m. with the earth moving violently and horrendous noise coming from bookcases and dressers falling over and dishes being thrown out of cabinets.
The quake lasted a minute and a half but it seems much longer when you are in the midst of it.
Electricity, water, gas and telephone are all out. Electricity was out for 19 hours but that was much better than some people experienced.
Ken and I cleaned up our kitchen as best we could; the floor was strewn with broken glass. About 7:30 a.m., we went to my mother’s house. On the way, we passed an apartment where a fire was raging, the mall and university which were heavily damaged and a parking structure that had collapsed. We are thankful the earthquake struck early in the morning. Many more lives would have been lost if the mall had been crowded or the university occupied. The center of the quake was in our city of Northridge and believe me it was something!
It is now three days after the quake and we are still without water but electricity, gas and telephone are working. Our daughter and family are without electricity, my mother has water but no gas and we have no water. Between us, we are making out OK.
The brotherhood near and far has been calling to see how everyone is doing and we are thankful for the prayers and calls. The only injuries are bumps and bruises. All the brethren living in this area have some damage, but so far no major structural damage to any home is evident. That could change with aftershocks and engineering evaluations. Ken’s dad had to move in with us as his mobile home was hit hard. Two or three other families also had to vacate their homes.
We don’t think a general appeal is needed. Meanwhile, such help as we do receive we are trying to fairly apportion between Mission Hills, Reseda and Thousand Oaks Ecclesias.
Our deep thanks to the brotherhood for their love and concern. Catastrophes teach us to number our days by reminding us of our fragile hold on this life.
With love in Christ,
Ken and Bonnie Sommerville,
Northridge, CA
Day of Judgment
Dear Bro. Don:
Perhaps Bro. E.W. Farrar should take another look at his opinion as expressed in his letter, “Tidings,” 1/94. My understanding is that the BASF defends our views on resurrectional responsibility while not taking an absurd position that God cannot resurrect and judge any person He chooses for His own reasons.
I often wonder what kind of judgment awaits those who confidently teach that God has restricted Himself by His own law from resurrecting and judging those who choose to ignore and spurn His commandment to repent and be baptized for the remission of their sins (Mk. 16:15-16; Acts 2:38).
Your Brother in Christ,
Gil Phillips, Lake Hughes, CA
Dear Don,
Greetings.
Reading the rather scornful letter by Bro. Ted Farrar, I think you might like to publish a page of the January “Caribbean Pioneer.” Surely, Ted cannot be serious in his last two sentences (“The only two scriptures that specifically mention the Judgment Seat of Christ confine those summoned thereat to members of the ecclesias. Once we extrapolate beyond that certainty, we very soon tread in the waters of universal resurrection.”) What and when is “the judgment” at which the Queen of Sheba will appear to condemn those who rejected Jesus? Or if Ecclesiastes 12:14 (“For God will bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil.”) does not refer to the judgment seat of Christ -and Jesus quotes it with this implication — then to what does it refer?
Alan Eyre and Gerzel Gordon, editors the “Caribbean Pioneer”
Excerpt from
January, 1994 Caribbean Pioneer:
A reader in the UK has written in strong language complaining about the installment of Cornelia’s story (a series of articles about a fictional young sister in a first century ecclesia) which appeared in the September, 1993 issue, pg. 10. He objects to our author making Cornelia and Peter into “modern amended Christadelphians,” putting into their mouths views about the resurrectional responsibility and future judgment of Herod the Great at Jesus’ return. He claims no first century Christian would ever have so believed, because Herod was neither a Jew nor a Christian, and thus would perish like the beasts. We asked “Cornelia” to respond: “Sorry, but it is some modern Christadelphians who are off-line here. Every surviving document of relevance from the early Christian centuries, including Contra Celsum cited above, indicates that most Jews and all Christians took Daniel 12, John 5 (‘the resurrection of judgment’), II Thessalonians 1 (‘those not knowing God’), Revelation 20 and all the other Bible passages about the Last Judgment very, very seriously indeed. And they certainly did not believe that those who will appear thereat will be confined to the household of faith or baptized believers. The ‘wicked’ who will be rejected include enemies of the truth and scoffers at God. ‘Ignorance of God is sufficient for punishment [at the judgment], just as knowledge of him can bring pardon,’ says one early source.
“Of course, I realize that many people prefer to believe that death will be the end for them. Realizing the punishment they deserve, they would rather be altogether extinguished than be resurrected for the purpose of punishment. And their wrongdoing is increased by the liberty granted to them in this life, and by God’s very great patience. But the more tardy His judgment is, the much more just it is. Those who don’t know God deserve to be raised and punished for their irreverence and unrighteousness. No one but a profane person hesitates to believe. It is no less wicked to be ignorant of the Lord than it is to offend him’ (Marcus Felix).”
Dear Bro. Styles:
In the January issue of “Tidings,” both the editorial and exhortation are concerned about our inward thoughts at the judgment seat. They portray the believer as being very fearful and dreadful of the decision to come and mournful for the lost opportunities in his life to have served God in Truth. The main purpose of these articles is to give us a very potent reminder that our lives are just a vapor that can end tomorrow, and life is the time to serve the Lord.
Although this reminder is necessary from time to time because of our fleshly nature, too much emphasis can be placed upon our “works.” Overemphasis can make us lose sight of the fact that it is not our works, but God’s grace, which will gain us entry into the kingdom.
If our thoughts on judgment day are centered totally on our “works,” and whether they are sufficient to get us into the kingdom or not, rather than on absolute trust in God’s grace, then we should indeed be fearful, for the Bible clearly tells us that no one, except for the Lord Jesus Christ, can be justified by works.
A true believer, although he will not know the judgment decision about to be made, should be confident in the mercy of the Lord. Remember David’s choice with respect to his sin of numbering the people was to “All into the hand of the Lord; for very great are his mercies; but let me not fall into the hand of men” (I Chron. 21:13).
This is not to say that we should not be concerned about doing “works.” We should be doing them, not for the express purpose of getting into the kingdom, but as a genuine demonstration of our love and respect for the Father. We should be like the young tot who demonstrates his regard for his parents by imitating them and doing things that he knows will please them.
Another point which is over-emphasized is the fact that no one can help us on judgment day. We will be alone in front of the Lord Jesus Christ. While this is undeniably true, we tend to forget it does not prevent us from helping others. A true believer, who has the love for his fellow man that we are supposed to have, and who is confident in the tender mercy of God, will not only be worried about his own salvation at that moment, but also will be praying for the salvation of loved ones.
I cannot imagine Stephen at the judgment seat begging for his own salvation. I see him at the judgment seat doing the same thing as he was doing when he died — praying for those who killed him. Although few of us would classify ourselves with Stephen, the point remains that this is what our attitude should be if we are true servants of Christ, both in word and deed.
Eileen Scullion,
Gatineau, Quebec
Dear Bro. Don:
Greetings in the Hope of Israel!
Thank you for allowing response to the editorial and exhortation on the judgment seat of Christ.
I thought Bro. Ron’ s exhortation was quite informative and to the point. As you will agree, every day is but a portion of our probation; it is a day of opportunity. What, then, are we doing with our time, or more to the point, with God’s time? We are called by God to His Son, who is the light of the world. What is our attitude to this great calling?
One thing is sure: It will be too late at the judgment seat to have a change of attitude. You made reference to Matthew 25 and there we read that all the ecclesias went to meet the bridegroom (v.1), who is Christ (Mt. 9:15). Half of them were wise, half foolish. All had their lamps (which I take to be God’s word which, like a lamp, gives light, Psa. 119:30; Prov. 6:23) and they all thought they would be in the kingdom. It seems to me that five spent their time in worldly things, not having time for God or His word. We note that the word “wise” means to be discreet, which implies a cautious character who exercises the mind in spiritual things and practices obedience (cf Lk. 12:42-43). The Greek word for “foolish” (moros) means dull, stupid, heedless (note Mt. 7:26; 23:17). The context of Matthew 25 shows the righteous are first judged and then invited into eternal life (vs. 31-46).
May we all put things in order (trimming our lamps), that we may adorn the teaching of our God and Savior in all things (Titus 2:10). As Bro. Ron said, the judgment seat need not be a terrifying experience if we have walked with him. If we abide in him and his words abide in us, then “when he shall appear we may have confidence and not be ashamed before him at his coming” (I John 2:28).
Freeman Langer,
St. John’s NFLD
Not in The Original
Dear Bro. Editor,
Greetings in our Lord and Hope.
Over the years, I have heard and read able brethren comment with respect to some passages in the Authorized (King James) Version and other translations that “this is not in the original.”
Where and how can I obtain the original so that, like the Bereans, I can see if these things be so?”
Thanking you in hope,
Yours at his return,
Claud Greene, Jamaica, NY
The words in italic type in the King James Version were added by the translators for the sake of readability. There are no equivalent words in the Hebrew or Greek texts.
In most cases, the idea of the passage is obvious and the added words are harmless. Consider, for example, “and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Gen. 6:5). The italicized words simply make the text read smoother in the English language. There are cases, however, where the added words alter the meaning. In Hebrews 9:12, the added words for us obscure the fact that Christ obtained eternal redemption for himself by his sacrifice.
All translations have these added words but not all of them are as open about the situation as is the KJV. This is one of the advantages of the Authorized Version (KJV).
To get a word for word rendering of the Hebrew or Greek an interlinear version (the Emphatic Diaglott is one of these) can be consulted. Such versions are useful for study purposes and can be obtained from Bible book stores. Since the word order is different from English, you will find yourself mentally supplying needed English words as the translators do.
So far as original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts are concerned, no originals are available. The oldest complete manuscripts are dated about 1,000 A.D. for the Hebrew Old Testament and about 350 A.D. for the Greek New Testament. The Dead Sea Scrolls, containing parts of the Old Testament, date back to about 200 B.C., and there is a fragment of a page of the New Testament dating back to about 125 A.D. (More information is available from such books as “The Text of the Old Testament” by Ernst urthwein, published by Eerdmans, “Manuscripts of the Greek Bible” by Bruce Metzger, published by Oxford and “The Dead Sea Scriptures” published by Anchor.)
National Rifle Association
‘Dear Sirs:
I would like to correct an error made in an article in your January, 1994 “Tidings.” The mistake was on pg. 23 in the reference made to the National Rifle Association in the article “Morality in the Last Days.”
Under no circumstances can any a person buy an “assault rifle” through the mail. Rifles and shotguns are likewise not available through mail order. These guns must be purchased face to face through a dealer, who must verify the buyer’s identity.
The only firearms available for purchase through the mail are black-powder guns, such as flintlocks, muskets, cap and ball, etc. vintage 1800’s.
The bill that the NRA promoted was designed to end harassment of law abiding citizens by the government for technical and unintentional violations of an ill-defined law.
I urge you to verify these statements and publish a correction. The kingdom of God cannot be served by false or misleading statements, whether made intentionally or not.
Sincerely,
J .N. Wooten, Richardson, a
We submitted Bro. Rayner’s comment to the Public Affairs section of the Alcohol, Firearms and Tobacco Bureau in Washington for a reaction. They indicate it is too broad in its implication. Laws vary from state to state, some of which allow the mail order sale of rifles and shotguns. While no longer doing so, Florida used to allow the mail order sale of handguns. All states would say they have adequate controls for checking the responsibility of the buyer. This, of course, would be a matter of opinion.
Information for the article came from the New York Times and Time magazine. The week after editing it, we happened to notice more comments on the subject. In 1990, deaths from handguns were reported as U.S.A. – 10,567; Britain – 22; Australia – 10; Japan – 87 (Time, 12/20/93). Surely, this points to a reckless situation in respect to gun ownership in the U.S.
Christadelphian Reliance on Human Authorities
Dear Bro. Don,
The following refers to a letter from Johnny Plunkett in the November, ’93 “Tidings.” He alludes to our interpretation of scripture according to Dr. John Thomas. He has a point and we need to consider it.
As a body and as individuals, we frequently appear to fall back on Bro. John Thomas and Robert Roberts as our “authorities” for our interpretation of scripture. How often have we, when discussing a scriptural passage with someone, emphasized our position by saying, “Bro. Thomas says” or
“Bro. Roberts says?” In effect, we are citing them as authorities as to how a passage should be interpreted. Why don’t we cite some well-known contemporary brother? Are they any less an authority?
When we cite these brethren in this manner, we convey the impression we have promoted them into positions of authority. It is as if we need look no further than their writings for our answers…
I believe it is good to consult their writings for ideas the same as we would talk with another brother or sister for their ideas on a passage. But we are still bound to verify the interpretation from the only authority that exists, the Bible.
As our Bro. Harry Whittaker used to say, we should let scripture interpret scripture. We should not let someone else interpret scripture for us. This is what the churches have done.
We do not in any way deny the wonderful work of Bro. Thomas and Roberts and many others. Our reminder is that we keep things in proper perspective…
Your Brother in Christ,
John Pursell, Grants Pass, OR
Daily Bible Reading
Dear Don,
I would like to add to Jack Robin-son’s article encouraging daily Bible reading (“Tidings,” 1/94). My experience may help brothers and sisters in distress.
My husband died this past September. I felt the bottom had fallen out of my world. We always did the Bible readings together each day soon after breakfast; it was never forgotten. After Jim was gone, the effort to pray and do the readings was beyond me. I tried, each time tears came. So I prayed to God for help. I now thoroughly enjoy my mornings thanks to God.
While I am getting breakfast, I play a tape of anthems. When breakfast is over, I get my hymn book out, look down the index to see where the choir has gotten to in the anthems. Then I play a couple of more anthems with the words in front of me. These words help. Then I do the readings and study them.
I feel ready to talk to God and give thanks for the blessings He has bestowed upon me — my family and the kindness of my friends. I can do this now without tears and can go about the rest of the day with a smile and a good feeling of well-being.
Thank God for my Bible and for the peace it has brought me. I miss my husband to talk things out that I don’t understand. What a wonderful day it will be when we can meet our loved ones in the kingdom; tears will be forgotten. Yet how can we hope to do this if we do not follow God’s word, reading the Bible and doing the work of the Lord?
I am not lonely anymore. I have God with me always to talk to. And I can read with understanding. Please take the opportunity for Bible reading while you have it.
Millie Battersby,
Kitchener/Waterloo, ONT
P.S. If you work and can’t do readings in the morning, try to do them with the family when supper is over. You would be surprised how you will enjoy it and miss it if you do not do them.
Inter–ecclesial Fellowship
In the October, ’93 Tidings, pg. 427, Bro. Jim Bahr asked for the biblical evidence that would justify our present procedures respecting inter-ecclesial fellowship. To date, we have received only the following which suggests some conclusions that might be drawn from Revelation 2-3.
Dear Bro. Don,
The following thoughts relate to the matter raised by Bro. Jim Bahr.
Surely our first priority is to please our Lord. In our ecclesial setting, Revelation 2 and 3 provide most useful information. These are seven literal ecclesias appraised by Christ. We should be able to learn much here. Some of what he says is puzzling, yet perhaps even more puzzling are some things he does not say.
Ephesus: Here were brethren who labored diligently and would not tolerate false doctrine, yet they were in danger of being removed as a light stand. They had left their first love. Could we be in this position?
Smyrna: One of the two ecclesias not told to repent. They endured much tribulation and were materially poor but spiritually, they were rich. If they would remain faithful to death, a crown of life was assured.
Pergamos: They kept the faith in a difficult location. They were sharply warned to repent, however, because they tolerated members who held the false doctrines of Balaam and the Nicolaitans.
Thyatira: Fine qualities of charity, service, faith and patience existed here. Jesus was highly displeased, however, at some who were Jezebels in their midst. Severe punishment would come upon such members. Interestingly, he says, “Unto the rest in Thyatira..J will put none other burden.”
Sardis: A dead ecclesia even though they had a reasonably good reputation. There were members in Sardis who “shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy.”
Philadelphia: The other ecclesia which is not criticized.
Laodicea: This ecclesia was wholly content with themselves, yet to Christ they were spiritually wretched. If this is the Laodicean age, some of our ecclesias must fit this description.
What is not said
In spite of being close to each other, no ecclesia is told to disassociate from any other.
The strong brethren are not told to withdraw from their ecclesia even where false doctrine was being taught. This may have been so these light-stands could have continued longer and perhaps save a few more persons of another generation.
What should we infer from these messages? They certainly emphasize that Jesus will judge us as individuals and not on the basis of the ecclesia to which we belonged. They also indicate a need for balance of loving concern for our brethren and our need to keep our ecclesia free of false teaching.
Love in the Truth,
V.S., California
Are We Too Concerned About Doctrinal Details?
Dear Bro. Don,
Picture this scenario.
The apostle Paul arrives in a new city preaching the gospel. He is an eye witness to the risen Lord and is able to convince many people that Jesus in the Savior. Many people are baptized and a new ecclesia is started.
Paul cannot stay; he must move on. But he cannot leave without being sure that these new converts have a complete knowledge of all the things necessary for salvation or his work will have been in vain. He stays awhile longer, explaining every implication of the nature of man and of Christ.
He must have done a good job because he doesn’t have to deal at length with these points in any of his letters to the ecclesias. This is unfortunate for us. It would have saved us a lot of trouble if we only knew what Paul had told the first century Christians about these things.
Imagine the job the 12 apostles had when 3000 people were baptized on the day of Pentecost. It seems a nearly impossible task to be sure that each of those new converts understood the finer points of the atonement.
I think you get my point. Such matters were not issues at all then. Must they be now?
A sister in Christ,
Illinois
Joel’s Battles
Dear Don,
I was a little miffed at your paraphrasing of my opening to my last letter as my being “not at all pleased.” Who cares whether m pleased, or anybody else is for that matter. Let’s seek for truth first and last and let all personal feelings drown themselves in its wake.
(Ed. – While Bro. Jim did permit the editor to paraphrase his wording, we apologize for not accurately representing his opening sentiments.)
I was interested in Bro. Harry Perks’ letter (1/94, pg. 24). He sees five battles in Joel while you see just the one. I would like to put forward the view there are two battles in Joel.
Chapters one and two involve an invasion by one nation: “For a nation is come up upon my land” (1:6). This nation is vanquished by the Lord coming to Zion: “Be glad ye children of Zion and rejoice in the Lord your God for he hath given you a teacher of righteousness” (2:23 AV mg.). The events described are the same as those in Ezekiel 38-39.
Joel 3 involves many nations: “I will also gather all nations” (3:2). Some of these are weak, some are strong (3:9-10). The Lord is already in Jerusalem when these nations attack because he roars from there to crush them (3:16). This second battle is Armageddon, the defeat of the Catholic nations of the EEC (Rev. 17:16).
Jesus must appear at the crisis of the first battle and remove from Israel the northern army by annihilation (2:20). Elijah must have done his work prior to this and the saints are not with Jesus because the judgment does not take place until Jesus is enthroned in Zion: “When the Son of man shall come in his glory and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory” (Matt. 25:31). The judgment follows his enthronement (v32). Since the saints are with Christ when he roars from Zion (Rev. 17:14; 19:11-16), the resurrection occurs after the first battle but before the second.
The sequence of events Jesus gives in the gospels confirms this order (e.g. Matt. 24 :29-31).
- Sun, moon and stars — Israel’s political heavens shaken by northern army.
- Sign of Son of man — appearance of Jesus and defeat of Russia (Matt. 24:3; Is. 11:10).
- All the tribes of the earth mourn — Israel’ s repentance (Zech. 12:10).
- Clouds of heaven — angelic hosts with Jesus (Matt. 25:31).
- Sound of trumpet, gather his elect -resurrection (I Thess. 4:16).
We get further confirmation in Revelation 11:15. When the seventh angel sounds, Jesus takes his great power and reigns (v.17). The anger of the nations and the resurrection follow, not precede, these events (v.18). Jesus and the saints then destroy them which destroy the earth.
In the Hope we share,
Jim Scott, Dundalk, ONT
Sunday School Helps Kingston, Jamaica
(The following was received with a donation for the building fund of the Kingston, Jamaica ecclesial hall. In December, an appeal was made to raise $75,000 to complete that project. To date, $15,000 has been received.)
Dear Brothers and Sisters of the Kingston, Jamaica Ecclesia:
We, the Sunday School students of the —- Ecclesia have decided to send a contribution from our Sunday School fund to your building fund. We know first hand what a blessing it is to have a building of your own.
Two and a half years ago, our ecclesia was able, through the grace of God and the help of many brothers and sisters, to build our own chapel. Before that time we met in rented halls and private homes. We feel very blessed to have our own meeting place. We pray that you and your sun-day School students will also be blessed by the completion of your building.
Love in Christ,
Signed by 16
Sunday school students
What Should We Pray For Today?
Dear Bro. Don,
In a recent Bible class, we discussed I Corinthians 13:8-13. We differed over the meaning of “the perfect.” Some felt it meant the completed Bible, which would mean the ‘passage proves spirit gifts have ceased. Some thought it spoke of the coming of Christ. Even if the latter idea is right, verse 13 still suggests the gifts would not continue past the first century.
This consideration led to a general discussion of fake miracles, healings, etc. We also noted the comment by Bro. Alan Hayward (1/94, pg. 14) with which few would argue, “Like most brethren, I reject the idea that God is working miracles today, either at Lourdes or anywhere else.”
Assurances of divine help
Balancing the above are assurances that God is active in our lives. “If we ask anything according to his will, he hears us” (I John 5:14 NIV). James tells us we can ask for wisdom (1:5) and Christ comforts us, “do not worry, saying, ‘what shall we eat?’ or ‘what shall we drink?’ or ‘what shall we wear?’ …seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well” (Matt. 6:31-33 NIV).
There have been seriously ill people in the brotherhood who have made remarkable recoveries after other brethren have prayed for them. What of healings experienced by Pentecostals, etc.? Are these incidents in and out of the brotherhood the result of divine intervention or is all divine help today limited to spiritual matters?
Should we ask others to pray for us?
James instructs, “Is any one of you sick? He should call the elders of the church to pray over him and anoint him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer offered in faith will make the sick person well; the Lord will raise him up…pray for each other so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effective” (Jam. 5:14-16). Should we do this? Should we use oil? Should a doctor be called? What if all the elders do not agree that God affects such cures today? Perhaps this is only interesting insight into New Testament times that is not relevant today.
What of group prayers?
If specific prayer for others, or group prayers, are effective, perhaps we should avail ourselves more often of this approach. Earlier in James he notes that “…you do not have, because you do not ask God” (4:2).
We realize that our great desire should be to serve God better and seek first His kingdom. We remember that even the apostle Paul was turned down three times when he prayed for relief. Having the problem was good for his spiritual development so it continued (II Cor. 12:7-10).
There is a difference in praying for help to act godly, which we know is according to God’s will, and praying for problems to be relieved, which may be necessary for our spiritual welfare.
To what extent should we petition and look to God for help? What should be the nature of our prayers in this day and age?
Your brother in Christ,
C. Link, Jr. 45
Elmgate Rd.
Marlton, NJ 08053
Readers are invited to comment before editorial ideas are presented.
Comments Received With Subscription Payments
I’m a sister in isolation, though maybe for not much longer, and I wanted you to know what a joy it has been to receive the “Tidings” for the past few months. This little magazine has given form to my knowledge of a Christadelphian presence in America. It has been like finding a family member you never knew you had.
P.C. (Bahamas)
Thanks for your editorial on the subject of “Sacrificial Offering for Human Nature.” You have courage to take on controversial issues and this has been needed for a long, long time in the U.S.
G P ., CA
A couple of suggestions:
- I feel we should use the talents of those of like precious faith whenever possible. Do you suppose those who need employees and those seeking employment could so state in the “Tidings?”
- There are many in their middle years who would like association with others. Like it or not, there are cliques and an inclination to associate with those of a similar age and background. Could there be get-togethers for those in their 40’s to 70’s?
ER., CA
(Ed – “Tidings” will act as a community bulletin board if information is sent to us. On the second item, the weekend seminar at Delawana Inn in Ontario serves much the purpose you have indicated. They do it by being adult only and using rather nice [but rather expensive] facilities. Brethren in other parts of the continent could organize similar events.)
I disagree with the brother who said we should not put in print the struggles with sin that some are facing. When I see one of my faults in print, it jolts me into action. The written word is powerful; let’s not put our heads in the sand.
S.K., VA